History of the Establishment of the First Islamic Boarding School in Indonesia - Islamic Lecture
History of the Establishment of the First Islamic Boarding School in Indonesia
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| History of the Establishment of the First Islamic Boarding School in Indonesia - Islamic Lecture |
Indonesia's history cannot be separated from the role and efforts of Islamic boarding schools. Since the early days of the arrival of Islam, especially during the walisongo period until the Dutch colonial period, the period of independence until now, persantren has contributed a million services that are invaluable to Indonesia, especially in the development of Islam. For example, Raden Fatah, the first King of Demak was one of the students in the Pesantren under Sunan Ampel's care. Likewise, Sunan Giri, Sunan Kalijaga, Sunan Muria, Sunan Kudus who are the warlords of the Demak kingdom are the early generation of Pesantren students whose work in spreading Islam is very large.
During the colonial period, in Java there was the name of Prince Diponegoro, in Sumatra there was Tuanku Imam Bonjol who was nicknamed Harimau Nan Salapan, in Aceh there was Teuku Umar & Teuku Cik Di Tiro, in Makasar there was Syeh Yusuf who all fought to sacrifice soul and body against the Dutch invaders. In the 1900s, there were also grand names such as KH. Hashim Asyari, Hos Cokroaminoto founder of SI (Sarekat Islam), KH Ahmad Dahlan, &so on. At the time of independence, there were such names as KH. Wahab Hasbullah, M. Natsir, KH. Wahid Hasyim, Buya Hamka, KH. Saifuddin Zuhri. And in the present day there are still scholarly elders for example KH. Maemun Zubair, KH. Dimyati Rois and others, where we can see its role in the world of politics as well as the development of Islamic beliefs (Pesantren). There are also younger scholars such as alm. Gus Dur, Hidayat Nur Wahid, Din Syamsyuddin, KH. Hashim Muzadi, KH. Said Aqil Siroj &many more.
So based on that, in this case we will divide the Pesantren into four Periods; The period of the early islamic period in Indonesia, the period of colonization, the period of independence, the period of reform until now.
Pesantren or Pondok Pesantren is an Islamic school / madrasah that is boarding or enlivened. The students of Pesantren are claimed to be students. The word santri based on Professor Johns comes from Tamil which means teacher of recitation. While the term cottage origin according to the Arabic funduq which means hotel or dormitory.
In his book "Pesantren Tradition" Zamakhsyari Dhofier states; "Pondok, Masjid, santri, pedagogy of the classic Islamic books and Kyai are the five basic elements based on the Pesantren tradition". So it can be said that these five things are the conditions for the establishment of the Islamic Boarding School.
One interesting thing is the mention of the Mosque. Yes, since the time of the Prophet The mosque has indeed been the center of Islamic education and the position of the clerics who are the heirs of the Prophets demanded that they inherit the sunnah of the Prophet. And history also indicates that the construction of the Lodge was always preceded history of pesantren by the construction of the Mosque where Kyai taught. Then there was quite a lot of time for students as a result of requiring a lodging place and then a cottage was built, as happened to Pesantren Tebuireng (Jombang) & also Pesantren al-Anwar (Rembang).
The purpose of establishing the pesantren -based on the mentioned Wiki Pedia- was to deepen knowledge about the Qur'an and the Sunnah of the Apostle, by examining arabic and the grammatical rules of arabic. This is indeed valid, but besides that, based on us, the purpose of establishing pesantren is to become a center for Islamic proselytizing in order to disseminate the teachings of Islamic beliefs & increase the faith & piety of Muslims.
There is an agreement among Islamic historians who state that the founders of the first pesantren were based on the Walisongo circles, but there is still a disparity in opinions about who they thought they first founded it. There are those who consider that Maulana Malik Ibrahim was the founder of the first pesantren, there are also those who consider Sunan Ampel, and there are even those who state that the founder of the first pesantren is Sunan Gunung Jati Syarif Hidayatullah. But the strongest opinion is the first opinion. While regarding the opinion that the oldest pesantren is the Tegalsari Ponorogo pesantren, then this does not deny the things we mentioned above. Because what is meant is the establishment & institutionalization of the first pesantren.
The role &impact of pesantren in this period is very strong. Starting with Maulana Malik ibrahim, he founded a pesantren to prepare educated cadres to continue the struggle to develop Islamic beliefs. Then came Sunan Ampel or Raden Rahmat he founded a pesantren in the swampy area of the Majapahit grace. The Pesantren is an education center that is very influential on the archipelago and even abroad. Among his protégés was Sunan Giri who founded the Giri Kedaton islamic boarding school, he was also an advisor & military commander when Raden Patah broke away based on Majapahit. His expertise in fiqh resulted in him being appointed mufti of the Javanese devil. Among his students was Raden Patah the first king of the demak kingdom who was also the son of the last king of Majapahit Prabu Brawijaya v. Demak Kingdom was the first Islamic kingdom in Java which was guided by the Walisongos. During the Raden Patah period, the Demak kingdom also sent an expedition to Malacca which was led by Adipati Unus to seize the Strait of Malacca from the hands of the Dutch.
And if we examine the genealogy of the Walisongos, we will find that most of the genealogies will be up to the Sunan Ampel. For example, Sunan Kalijaga, young is a student of Sunan Bonang who is the son of Sunan Ampel. Likewise, Sunan Kudus who studied based on Sunan Kalijaga. All of these had a great service to the spread of Islam. Such was the pesantren during the Walisongo period, he was used as a place to gain knowledge as well as to forge students to spread the teachings of the Islamic faith, educate cadres of preachers to be spread throughout the archipelago. And the result we can see for ourselves, Islam as the dominant religion in Indonesia & even not only that the number of followers is the highest in the world. After that, there were also other pesantren that taught religious knowledge in various fields according to salaf books.
During the Dutch exploration period, pesantren experienced tests &trials from Allah, pesantren were obliged to face using the Dutch who greatly limited the mobility space of pesantren due to Dutch concerns about the loss of their power. Since the Giyanti treaty, the education and development of pesantren has been limited by the Dutch. The Dutch even enacted a resolution in 1825 that limited the number of pilgrims. In addition, the Netherlands also restricts the contact or interaction of Indonesian Muslims with other Islamic countries. These things eventually make the growth &development of Islam falter.
It should be noted, that although Walisongo succeeded in islamicizing part of the archipelago, but many or even most of them have not yet been perfectly Islamic. This can be proven even today even though there are still residents who diligently pray fasting and so on, but they still believe in the mystical beliefs of animism inherited from their ancestors. Some of them only know Islam through fasting prayers, the embargo of eating pork, the tradition of circumcision alone without knowing others. And during the Dutch colonial period, the continuation process based on Islam was hampered &hampered by the actions of the Dutch colonizers.
In response to the Dutch oppression, the students also fought back. According to Clifford Geertz, between 1820-1880, there had been a grand revolt of the students in the country, namely:
At the end of the 19th century soon after the Dutch repealed a resolution limiting pilgrims, the number of pilgrims' participants also increased. This resulted in the availability of Islamic teaching teachers in a double number which thus increased the number of Islamic boarding schools. Because as we know, the pilgrims at that time in addition to intending to make their hajj also made a study, and when they returned to Indonesia they developed their knowledge & disseminated it. It was during this time that many Indonesian scholars of international quality emerged such as Shaikh Ahmad Khatib Assambasi, Shaikh Nawawi al-Bantani, Shaikh Mahfudz At-Tarmisi, Shaikh Abdul Karim &others. And it was to them that the scientific essence (sanad) of Indonesian kyai-kyai met.
Dutch Colonials Create Western-Style Educational Institutions
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