ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION BEFORE AND AFTER INDONESIAN INDEPENDENCE

 

The Development of Islam in Indonesia

  

Islam spread in Indonesia through traders who traded to Indonesia, where the majority of Indonesian people before Islam embraced Hinduism. Islam spread in Indonesia in the first century Hijriyah or the seventh to eighth century AD. The first areas visited by the propagator of Islam were as follows:

• The northern coast of the island of Sumatra, namely in Peureulak East Aceh, then expanded until it was able to establish the first Islamic kingdom in Indonesia. Pasai Ocean, North Aceh.

• The northern coast of the island of Java then extended to Maluku which for several centuries became the center of the Hindu kingdom, namely the Maja Pahit kingdom. They and their sacrifices so that Islam can spread in Indonesia the Wali Songo are:

1. Maulana Malik Ibrahim known as Sheikh Maghreb spread Islam in East Java.

2. Sunan Ampel with the real name Raden Rahmat spread Islam in the Ampel area of ​​Surabaya.

3. Sunan Bonang is the son of Sunan Ampel whose real name is Maulana Makdum Ibrahim, spread Islam in Bonang (Tuban).

4. Sunan Drajat is also the son of Sunan Ampel, his real name is Syarifuddin, spread Islam in the Gresik/Sedayu area.

5. Sunan Giri real name Raden Paku spread Islam in the area of ​​Bukit Giri (Gresik)

6. Sunan Kudus real name Sheikh Ja'far Shodik spread the teachings of Islam in the Kudus area.

7. Sunan Kalijaga his real name is Raden Mas Syahid or R. Setya spreading Islamic teachings in the Demak area.

8. Sunan Muria is the son of Sunan Kalijaga, his real name is Raden Umar Syaid who spread his Islam in the Mount Muria area.

9. Sunan Gunung Jati, his real name is Syarif Hidayatullah, spread Islam in West Java (Cirebon)

There are three stages of "period" that was passed or the Islamic movement before independence, namely:

1. During the Sultanate Period

Areas that have been touched very little by Hindu-Buddhist culture are the areas of Aceh, Minangkabau in West Sumatra and Banten in Java. Islam deeply influences the religious, social and political life of its adherents so that in these areas the religion of Islam has shown in a purer form. In this kingdom, Islam was firmly entrenched until Indonesia became independent. One of the proofs is the number of Islamic names and relics of Islamic value.

In the kingdom of Banjar with the conversion of the king of Banjar to Islam. The subsequent development of Islam was not so difficult, the king showed other facilities and conveniences which resulted in the life of the Banjar people who were truly based on Islam. Concretely, religious life in the Banjar kingdom was realized by the presence of Mufti and Qadhi for the services of Muhammad Arsyad Al-Banjari who was an expert in the fields of Fiqh and Sufism.

Islam in Java, during its growth period was colored by Javanese culture, it gave a lot of leeway to the belief system adopted by Hindu-Buddhist religion. This facilitates the Islamization or at least reduces the difficulties. The guardians, especially Wali Songo, were very instrumental in the development of Islam on the island of Java.

According to the book Babad Diponegoro quoted by Ruslan Abdulgani, it was reported that King Kertawijaya was the last ruler of the Mojo Pahit kingdom, after hearing the explanations of Sunan Ampel and Sunan Giri, the meaning of Islam and Buddhism is the same, only the way of worship is different. Therefore, he did not forbid his people to embrace the new religion (Islam), as long as it was done with awareness, belief, and without coercion or violence.

2. During the Colonial Period

With the arrival of western traders to Indonesia who were different in character from Arab, Persian, and Indian traders who were Muslim, Christian western traders carried out their missions with violence, especially trade in their weapons technology which was superior to Indonesian weapons. Their goal was to conquer the Islamic kingdoms along the coast of the archipelago. At first they came to Indonesia to establish trade relations, because Indonesia is rich in spices, then they wanted to monopolize the trade.

At that time the colonials did not dare to interfere in Islamic matters, because they did not know the teachings of Islam and the Arabic language, nor did they know the social system of Islam. In 1808 the Dutch government issued instructions to the regents so that religious affairs would not be disturbed, and religious leaders were left to decide matters in the field of marriage and inheritance.

In 1820 the Statsblaad was created to confirm this instruction. And in 1867 their intervention was even more visible, with instructions to the regent and wedana, to supervise the ulama so as not to do anything contrary to the Governor-General's regulations.